Pterodactyls Are Not Dinosaurs. So What The Hell Are They?

Esther Inglis-Arkell

Filed to: explainer 7/24/15 11:11am


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Pterodactyls lived at the same time as the dinosaurs—but somehow, they’re not actually dinosaurs. They were flying creatures, and paleontologists keep telling us that dinosaurs are birds. But still, we’re supposed to call pterodactyls “pterosaurs.” This feels like a trick—why aren’t pterodactyls dinosaurs?

The name “pterodactyl” is an unfortunate artifact. It was the name given by naturalist and “father of paleontology” Georges Cuvier, to a fossil unearthed in 1801. The flying reptile got its name for its long “finger,” which stretched out to form a wing. It was soon joined by more fossils of winged fingers. Some had teeth and some didn’t. Some were the size of giraffes and some could rest on a person’s hand. They were shaped differently, and clearly ate different diets. The dactyl name just didn’t describe any group of animals any more, and so in 1834 these creatures got the more general name of “pterosaurs.”

This name linked pterosaurs with dinosaurs in the popular imagination—which wasn’t a big deal, because for quite some time paleontologists had no real working definition for dinosaurs. They had scientific names for the different fossils they had discovered, but for them the definition of a “dinosaur” was no different from a bright ten-year-old’s idea of a dinosaur. A dinosaur was defined by popular imagination, not physiology or descent.



In the 1970s, the entire discipline of paleontology took a look at the groups they had placed their fossils in, and found those groups wanting. After re-examining the details of different fossils, they finally came with a new order of things. The wide base group of that order came to be known as Archosauria. You can see crocodiles, the result of one branch of that group, staring up at you from ponds everywhere from Australia to the Florida Everglades.

Another branch from that group is called Avemetatarsalia. Anyone who has had a foot injury knows that metatarsals are located in the foot. The ankle joint of a member of Avemetatarsalia is slightly different from other members of Archosauria. A section of bone that would have been part of an early crocodile’s leg is part of an early member of the group Avemetatarsalia’s foot. This makes the foot work in a slightly different way—a way that can be exploited to get up one one’s back legs and use one’s front arms to grasp, to walk, or to fly. There are other distinguishing characteristics, including elongated metatarsals, a longer neck, and differently-constructed legs, but it’s the ankle that’s the give-away.



What did the members of the Avemetatarsalia do with their snazzy new ankles? Some became Scleromochlus taylori. Scleromochlus taylori would, if shown to most of us laypeople, be immediately identified as a dinosaur—albeit a very slender and elongated one. According to people in the know, however, it has a relatively primitive ankle structure.

That ankle structure was shared by every animal in the group Pterosauria. In fact, Scleromochlus and the Pterosauria sit together on this stubby branch of the evolutionary tree. The animal pictured above and pterosaurs are each other’s closest relatives. To be fair, the pterosaurs didn’t have much use for their ankles. New evidence shows that they were more resourceful in flight than people gave them credit for. They were able to control their body temperature with a fine covering of hair-like fuzz. Their wings were not simple membranes to help them glide, but actual fliers. And they even managed to vault themselves into the air.



But they were on a separate branch of the classification tree from the the members of Dinosaurmorpha—which still weren’t dinosaurs. And they weren’t among the group of animals that branched out from Dinosaurmorpha to become Dinosauriformes—still not dinosaurs. It took yet another branch to get to Dinosauria. Dinosauria had all kinds of limb improvements, from a crest on the humerus to a tibia with a “transversely expanded subrectangular distal end.” It’s no wonder that they probably spent the time between 220 million years ago and 200 million years ago wiping out most of the Dinosaurimorphs. Dinosaurs really did rule the Earth.

Which makes it admirable that pterosaurs hung in perfectly fine until 65 million years ago. They only went extinct when the actual dinosaurs did. So what is the difference between pterosaurs and dinosaurs? The complicated answer is a lot of slight but specific changes to the leg bones. A more general way to look at it though is thinking of a dinosaur as yourself and a pterosaur as your grandmother’s sister. She’s a couple of generations back, and you’re not really her descendant, but you’re both in the same family, and come from a common ancestor.

But she can fly, so she’s cooler.
Top Image: Matt Van Rooijen. Second Image: Daderot. Scleromochlus Image: Jaime A. Headden

Children's Mysterious Paralysis Tied to New Virus

LiveScienceJuly 7, 2015

A new study suggests that a new strain of a poliolike virus may be responsible for some of the mysterious cases of paralysis in children over the past few years. (Photo: Getty Images) 

Mysterious cases of paralysis in U.S. children over the last year have researchers searching for the cause of the illness. Now, a new study suggests that a new strain of a poliolike virus may be responsible for some of the cases.

So far, more than 100 children in 34 states have suddenly developed muscle weakness or paralysis in their arms or legs, a condition known as acute flaccid myelitis, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Previously, researchers linked a virus called enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), which can cause respiratory illness similar to the common cold, with some of these cases.

But only about 20 percent of children with paralysis tested positive for EV-D68, and even in these cases, it wasn’t clear if EV-D68 was the cause of the child’s condition. 

Related: Top 10 Mysterious Diseases

In the new study, researchers say that one case of paralysis, in a 6-year-old girl, is linked with another strain of enterovirus, called enterovirus C105. This virus belongs to the same species (enterovirus C) as the polio virus.

Although the new study doesn’t definitely prove that enterovirus C105 was the cause of the girl’s paralysis, it suggests that there are other viruses besides EV-D68 that are contributing to the outbreak of acute flaccid myelitis.

The study should make researchers aware that “there’s another virus out there that has this association” with paralysis, said study co-author Dr. Ronald Turner, a professor of pediatrics at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. “We probably shouldn’t be quite so fast to jump to enterovirus D68 as the [only] cause of these cases,” Turner told Live Science.

The 6-year-old girl was previously healthy, but she caught a cold from members in her family, and developed a mild fever. Her fever and cold symptoms soon went away, but she was left with persistent arm pain. Then her parents noticed that the girl’s shoulder appeared to droop, and she had difficulty using her right hand, the researchers said.

At the hospital, the girl was diagnosed with acute flaccid myelitis, and a sample from her respiratory tract tested positive for enterovirus C105. This virus was only recently discovered, and the new study is the first report of enterovirus C105 in the United States, the researchers said. The girl tested negative for EV-D68.

Some tests can miss enterovirus C105, because of variation in the virus’s genetic sequence, Turner said. This virus may have gone unrecognized in the current outbreak until now because it is relatively new, and can be hard to detect, he said.

“The presence of this virus strain in North America may contribute to the incidence of flaccid paralysis and may also pose a diagnostic challenge in clinical laboratories,” the researchers said in their study, which will be published in the October issue of the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases.

The researchers noted that enterovirus D68, and now enterovirus C105, have been found in the respiratory tract of children with acute flaccid myelitis, but so far, these viruses have not been found in the spinal fluid of these patients. That’s important because a virus in the respiratory tract would not necessarily cause paralysis.

“You can have a virus in your respiratory tract that’s not doing anything to your nervous system,” Turner said.

In order to more definitively link these cases of paralysis with enterovirus, researchers would need to find the virus in the spinal fluid, he said. But so far, tests have not found the virus there.